Βία, σκοτωμοί και πόλεμοι στην "ειρηνική" νεολιθική εποχή

Τι αποκαλύπτει νέα έρευνα
Η βία ήταν εξαπλωμένη στη νεολιθική αγροτική κοινωνία της Ευρώπης του 6000-2000 π.Χ., η οποία υποτίθεται πως χαρακτηριζόταν από ειρηνική συνεργασία.

Ποια η εξήγηση.

Η βία και ο πόλεμος είχαν εξαπλωθεί σε πολλές νεολιθικές αγροτικές κοινωνίες της βορειοδυτικής Ευρώπης, αποκαλύπτει μια νέα διεθνής επιστημονική μελέτη, που καλύπτει την περίοδο μεταξύ 6000 - 2000 π.Χ. (εποχή εξάπλωσης της γεωργίας στη Δύση) και φαίνεται να καταρρίπτει τον μύθο περί ειρηνικών κοινωνιών. Ο ανταγωνισμός για την εξασφάλιση γης κατάλληλης για καλλιέργεια πιθανότατα αποτελούσε μια από τις βασικές αιτίες για την ενδημική βία.

Η βιοαρχαιολογική ανάλυση σκελετών από 2.300 πρώιμους γεωργούς από 180 διαφορετικές τοποθεσίες σε Γαλλία, Γερμανία, Βρετανία, Δανία, Σουηδία και Ισπανία δείχνει ότι πάνω από ένας στους δέκα φέρει σαφή τραύματα από όπλα, κυρίως στο κρανίο, από αμβλεία όργανα ή πέτρινους πελέκεις. Βρέθηκαν επίσης πολλές περιπτώσεις διατρητικών τραυμάτων στο υπόλοιπο σώμα, κυρίως από βέλη. Η παρουσία μαζικών τάφων σε μερικές περιπτώσεις προδίδει την εξολόθρευση ολόκληρων οικισμών.

Αντίθετα με την ευρέως διαδεδομένη αντίληψη ότι η νεολιθική εποχή χαρακτηριζόταν πρωτίστως από ειρηνική συνεργασία, οι ερευνητές, οι οποίοι έκαναν τη σχετική δημοσίευση στο περιοδικό της Εθνικής Ακαδημίας Επιστημών των ΗΠΑ (PNAS), κατέληξαν στο συμπέρασμα ότι σε αρκετές ευρωπαϊκές περιοχές η περίοδος πριν 4.000 έως 8.000 χρόνια ήταν γεμάτη συγκρούσεις και βία, που οδηγούσε στην καταστροφή ολόκληρων κοινοτήτων.

Η μελέτη από επιστήμονες των πανεπιστημίων του Εδιμβούργου (Σκωτία), Μπόρνμουθ (Αγγλία) και Λουντ (Σουηδία), καθώς και του Κέντρου Οστεοαρχαιολογικής Έρευνας (Γερμανία), εκτιμά ότι η ανάδυση των γεωργικών καλλιεργειών και της κτηνοτροφίας ως τρόπου ζωής που ήλθε να αντικαταστήσει το κυνήγι και τη συλλογή τροφής από τη φύση, έθεσε τα θεμέλια για έναν πιο οργανωμένο και συστηματικό πόλεμο.

"Τα ανθρώπινα οστά αποτελούν την πιο άμεση και αντικειμενική μορφή απόδειξης για τις εχθροπραξίες του παρελθόντος. Οι ικανότητες μας να διακρίνουμε ανάμεσα σε θανάσιμους τραυματισμούς και σε μεταθανάτια σπασίματα έχουν βελτιωθεί δραστικά τα τελευταία χρόνια, ενώ επιπροσθέτως μπορούμε πια να διακρίνουμε ανάμεσα σε τραύματα που έγιναν τυχαία και σε όσα προκλήθηκαν από επιθέσεις με όπλα", ανέφερε η ερευνήτρια δρ Λίντα Φίμπιγκερ της Σχολής Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας του Πανεπιστημίου του Εδιμβούργου.

"Η μελέτη εγείρει το ερώτημα γιατί η βία φαίνεται να ήταν τόσο εξαπλωμένη στη διάρκεια εκείνης της περιόδου. Η πιο εύλογη εξήγηση είναι ότι η οικονομική βάση της κοινωνίας είχε αλλάξει. Μαζί με τη γεωργία ήλθε η ανισότητα και εκείνοι που τα πήγαιναν λιγότερο πετυχημένα, φαίνεται ότι κατά καιρούς εμπλέκονταν σε επιδρομές και σε συλλογική βία ως μια εναλλακτική στρατηγική για επιτυχία. Και τα αποτελέσματα αρχίζουν πια να αναγνωρίζονται ολοένα συχνότερα από τους αρχαιολόγους", δήλωσε ο ερευνητής δρ Μάρτιν Σμιθ του Τμήματος Αρχαιολογίας και Ανθρωπολογίας του Πανεπιστημίου του Μπόρνμουθ.

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